Depressed people do not realize that the more times they drink alcohol, the more they are increasing their tolerance levels to alcohol. This then requires even more alcohol to induce the same feelings of relative happiness that the first few drinks used to achieve. This is how alcohol can become addictive and gets to the abuse stage.

Unfortunately both depression and alcohol abuse are more common than ever before. While 10% of depressed people also abuse alcohol, up to 40% of alcohol abusers show signs of depression. These numbers are growing every day. These numbers keep growing as more and more people become addicted to alcohol and/or become depressed due to the increasing levels of stress in today’s world.

Often the symptoms of alcohol abuse and depression can be interchanged. Both illnesses show changes in behavior such as becoming increasingly impulsive, increasing acts of violence and aggression, increasing isolating tendencies, and impaired judgment. Both illnesses can lead to problems in the marriage and result in the breakdown of the family. One must also be concerned with the fact that depressed people are more likely to cause accidents within the home. There is also an increased link between alcohol abuse, depression and suicide. This is really a cause for concern for these individuals.

Research also indicates that the abuse of alcohol can be genetic. Children of alcoholic parents are much more likely to suffer from alcoholism themselves. Their alcohol tolerance levels are much higher than the average child the same age. The same research indicates that alcohol abuse affects chemicals in the brain. These chemicals affect the way the brain processes information. Depression is also immediately inherited from parents to child, as well as from relatives.

Trying to determine if an individual is depressed, abusing alcohol or both is difficult. Many of the symptoms are the same for each illness. Insomnia, waking up frequently, poor appetite, sleepiness, and feelings of disorientation are symptoms of both illnesses. To complicate the situation, many people who abuse alcohol become depressed over time. Doctors will first treat the alcoholism and see if the person’s mood improves; if it does not then they will treat the depression.

Alcohol is in a set of drugs known as sedative hypnotics. Other drugs in this category are tranquilizers. Many depressed people, especially young adults, abuse other drugs as well as alcohol. Some of the antidepressant medications on the market today also contain a sedative. Thus if combined with alcohol, the person becomes severely sedated and can even stop breathing.

The danger of combining alcohol with drug treatment for depression is one doctors know well. This is why they tend to treat the alcoholism before the depression.

FREQUENCY OF DEPRESSION IN MIGRAINE HEADACHE

.

AUTHOR:BHURGRIGHULAMRASOOL,BILAWAL,SHAMIM-UR-REHMAN,RAJ KUMAR,ANISREHMAN.

SUMMARY:

In this prospective study migraineous patients were enrolled who wre manifested the symptoms of depression.There was considerable psychiatric morbidity there was necessay find out all migranes aand treated them symptomatically.It proved that we should not bypass the chaces of dpression in cases of migraine especially female patients.

Key words:migraine, depression,psychiatry,males, females,cluster ,tension.

INTRODUCTION:

“Migraine is a mysterious disorder characterized by pulsing headache (feeling of weightage,fullness over forehead),usually restrictedto one side,which comes in attacks lasting 4-48hours and is often associated with nausea,vomiting,sensitivity of light, and sound, vertigo,loosemotions and other symptoms.”(Tripathi-2006)

“Migraine is very common type of headache,with a prevalance of 10-12%,migraine ranks 19th among disease” (cephalalgia 2004)

“migraine is a complex disorder inwich many psychological,inviromental,biochemical,neurophysiologic,and genetic factors play a role to tiger attacks. The diagnosis is based on headache characetrized and associated symptoms specified internationl headache society” (westermanCJetal 2003)

“The typical headache is unilateral,throbbing and may be severe.If untreated, the migraine attacks typically lasts 4 to 72 hours. The attacks are usually associated with nausea,vomitting, or sensitivity to sound,light and or movement.In addition to this, migraine with aura is characterized by transient focal neurological symptoms,which are usually visual,and may precede,accompany, or flow the headache attacks.”(stewart WF et al 1994)

“Thereare two types of migraine headaches.The first migraine without aura(previously called common migraine) is severe,unilateral,pulsating headache that the typically lasts from 2 to 72 hours.These headaches are often aggrivated by physical activity and accompanied by nausea,vomiting,photophobia(hypersensitivity to light) and phonophobia (hypersensitivity to sound.Approximately 85% of patients with migraine do not have aura.In the second type migraine with aura (previously called classic migraine),the headache preceded by neurological symptoms called auras which can be visual, sensory,and or cause speech or motor disturbances. Most commonly these prodromal symptoms are visual, occuring, approximately 20 to 40 minutes before headache pain begins. In the fifteen percent of migraine patients whose headache is proceded by aura,the aura itself allows diagnosis.The headache itself in migraine with or without auras is similar.For both typesmigraines,woman are three folder more likely thanmen to experience either type of migraine.

Migraine-there is chance for family tenency,females are more affected than male,it develops unilateral,variables in onset,characterized by pulsating,throbing.Cluster-ther in family chance,males are more than females it develops during sleep,at behind or around head,characterized by sharp,steady.

Tension-Type-there is family history,it develops understress,bilateralcharacterized by dull,persistentent type.(Richard D etal 2006)

” Depression may means the symptom of feeling of said, meloncholic or low in spirit, or it may mean the syndrome of depression as characterized by low mood,lack of enjoyment, reduced energy and changes in appetite, sleep and libidpolic.(A.W.CLARE 1998)

“Clinically significant depression is often reffered to is as major cause of disability and of succide.Medically unexplained symptoms that may result from depression include chronic fatigue,chronic wide spread pain,weight loss and conginitive impairment (deprssive pseudodementia).Dpression comorbid with a medical condition magnifies any associated disability,diminishes adherence to medical treatment and rehiltation, and may even shortet life expectancy.Recent research suggests that patients who have a major depressive disorder soon after myocardial infarction or stroke die sooner than who do not even when disease severity is controlled.(lloyd& sharpe MC 2002).

“It is widely accepted that the limbic system has a role in control and expression of emotion.These structures from a reverbrating (papez) cercuit inwhich inputs from various cortical areas,especialy those involving in perception, are fed in together with other inputs from the brain system and spinal cord.Output is mainly from the hypothelmus,through releasing hormone, and the reticular formation and autonomic nuclie of the brain stem. The hypothelmus plays a part in hormonal disturbabce in depression.The reticular formation and autonomic nuclie contol aroused and autonomic function,both of which are often altered in depression.The limbic system also contains sructures involved in the control of memory,depressed patients often express their disorder in terms of adversely disorted recollection of past events.The limbic system may act as a regulatory system for emotional states.Noradrenergic and 5HT neurones abuond in these areas of the brain,and the system’s close link with the LHRA axis provides a pictures how disturbance of these systems might be linked in depression.”(cantopher1991).

‘Types of depression.Major depression-It is probably one of the most common forms of depression,lack of interest,walk around with weight of world on his or her shoulder, hopeless atate,lack of interest in sexual activity and less appetite and weightloss.

Atypical Depression-individuals somtimes experience of happiness, but fatigue,oversleeping,overeating weightgain.typical depressio can last for months or a suffer may live with it forever.

Psychotic Depression-Individual of psychotic dpression begin to hear and see imajinory things-sound,voicesand visual that donot exist.

Dysthymia-Individual characterized by sad,blue,or meloncholic.it is a condition that people are not even aware of but just live with daily,feel life is unimportant,dissatisfied,frightened and simply donot enjoy their lives.

Manic depression:It is highly exuted,emotional disorder people who suffer from manic depression have an extremely high rate of succide.”(Any Berhman 2004)

METHODS:

We interwiewed after informed consent one hundred and two patients reporting atMedical and the psychiatric outpatients Department at Muhammad Medical College Mirpurkhas sindh,between March 2007 to to April 2008.These patients were screened for presence of depression symptoms in concomittently with migraine/half headache in head.Depressive symptoms were measured through depression scale and clinical interview,weeping,lonlelessness,sadness,confusion main questions were asked during interviewed in cases of migraine.

RESULTS

:There were thirty seven males (36.27%)and sixty five females (63.72%)who were examined during attacks of headache,17(45.9%)patients were manifested depressive symptoms and 43 (66.1%)females were developed symptoms of depression in cases of migraine.

Case Processing Summary

Cases

Included

Excluded

Total

N

Percent

N

Percent

N

Percent

Total cases of study * Presence of depression in migraineous female patients

43

42.2%

59

57.8%

102

100.0%

Femal patients in study * Presence of depression in migraineous female patients

43

42.2%

59

57.8%

102

100.0%

Male patients in study * Presence of depression in migraineous female patients

37

36.3%

65

63.7%

102

100.0%

Total cases of study * Presence of depression in migraneous male patients

17

16.7%

85

83.3%

102

100.0%

Femal patients in study * Presence of depression in migraneous male patients

17

16.7%

85

83.3%

102

100.0%

Male patients in study * Presence of depression in migraneous male patients

17

16.7%

85

83.3%

102

100.0%

DISCUSSION:

It was proved that females were more than male in our study.There were 66.1% females,45.9% male depressive symptoms in diagnostic cases of migraines.Majority females patients were malnourished and weeping during taking history and these were main parameters considered depressive symptoms in cases of migranious patients.From summary tables and diagrames it was proved that females were more affected than male in this study.It means that depressive symptoms were more presence in females during interview in this stydy.

“A recent research findings indicated that treatment for both migraine and major depression may benefit patients with both disorder.Astudy was conducted on people with migraine or sever headahes aged between 25to 55.When their psychiatric combordity was assed,resaercher found that the risk of migraine in individuals with pre-existing mjor depression was three times highet than in individuals with no history of major depression.More ever major depression the risk of major depression in people with pre-existing migraine was more than fivefold hiher than in people with no history of headaches.However there were no relation between major depression and other types of severe headaches”(MrMARY Ayres2003)

“Many migraines sufferes have noticed that at times,migraine and depression seems to go together and there is strong evidence to support this,However it is not known whether treating migraine affects depressive symptoms or treating depression affects migraine symptoms”(MMA2008)

“Throbbing migraine headaches and major depression may be related.Infact having one may increase the occurance of other.Migraine sufferers were five times more likely that the headache-free individuals to develop major depression in the study conducted by the Henrry ford Health system.Those who started the study with depression were three times more likely to develop migraines.With major depression was more at risk of suffering a first time migraie than non-dopressed individuals. And people who live with migrains seems to br more at risk for an initial bout of depression.Both disorders are biological linked,possibility with brain chemical or hormones.”(PT Staff 2007).

“The overall frequency of recurrent headaches didnot very significantly with age, but girls had headaches are common soatic complaints among Norwegian adolescents,especially among girls”(ZwartJA etal 2004).

“Researchers survey 949 woman with migraine about their history of abuse,deprssion and headaches characteristics,forty percent of woman had chronic headache more than 15 headaches in month,and 72%reported very severeheadache related diability.Physically and sexually abuse was reported in 38%of the womanand 12%reportedboth physical and sexual abuse in the past.The association between migraine and depression is well established, butthe mechanism is un certain.The study found woman with migraine who had major deprssion were twice as likely as a child.If thebabuse coninued age 12 ,the woman with migraine were five times more likely to report depression”(science dily2007).

“Major depression increased the risk of depression,migraine as well same.This bidirectional association,with each disorder increasing the risk for onset of other,was not observed in relation to other severe headaches,both were considered direcly proportional to eachother.”(NBreslaw,et al 2003)

It was proved that migraine type of headache bases of depression if it untreated,same mechanism follow the severe cases of depression could lead to migraine type headache.Females were more affected than males.No doubt migranous corelated to depression.

REFERENCES:

Any Behrman (2004)electroboy:a memoir of mania;published by Random House ,16sep2004 types of depression,medical review board.

Nbreslau,schultz,stewart,RBS lipton (2000)’headache and major depression is association specefic to migraine? Neurology 2000 54,308.American Academy of neuology.

Mrs marry ayres ;to relieve the burden of headache by facilitating informed awareness and encouraging resaerch’

Mary kay betz ;having headache-advisor.

N breslau RB lipton stewart 2003,;comorbidity of migraine and depression investigating potential etiology and prognosis,neurology 2003,60-13-12 American Acadamy of neurology.

Science daily(sept-6-2007)’childhood abuse is more common in woman with migraine who suffer depression than in woman with migraine alones’American Acadamy of Neurology.

Zwart JA,Dyb,Hotman TZ,Stovener LJ,SandT 2004’The prevalences of migraine and tension-type among adolsent in Norway.Cephalalgia2004 May,24(5).373-9

K.Dtripathi2003’migraine drug therapy,essentials of medical pharmacology,5th edition,

DP Headache classification subcommittee of the international headache society.2nd edition cephalalgia 2004,24:1-160

Western CJ,Rosina AF,Deveris vde coteau pa,’The prevalences and manifestation of hereditory hemmorrhage telangiectasia,a family screening.AM J Genet A2003 116 324-28.

Stewart WF, Schechter,AR rasssmussin BK’migraine prevalence, a review of population-based studies-neurology 1994-44 817-23.

Richard .Dhowland,marry j,mycek,2006’drugs used in treatment of migraine’,pharmacology,lipponcottes illustered.

A.W,Clare 1998’clinincal medicine,parveen kumar 4th edition psychological medicine

Lloyd GG SHRPEMC Davidson’s priniples and practics of medicine 19th edition 2004 affective mood disorder

T Cantopher Neurology of depression neuroanatomy of depression medicine digest 1998 7-8.

Find More Depression Articles

If an innocent person is kept in the prison for long he may become emotionally shattered. But if he learns to live there he may be able to come out in a very healthy and enlightened state even after ten or twenty years. See the example of Nelson Mandella and scores of others prisoners who spent the golden years of their life in jail but nothing could break them. In the similar way depression can never break you if you learn to manage it well.

1. BE PHYSICALLY ACTIVE

Whenever you are depressed you must make yourself physically active to use the excess energy of your mind. Feeling of depression releases a negative energy in your mind that weakens your enthusiasm and hope regarding life and work. It also weakens the immune system of your body making it a breeding ground of many diseases. This energy can best be used by some vigorous physical exercise. Do the exercise you like. You may play music or your favourite songs along with it.

2. GO SOMEWHERE

Another way to use the negative energy and divert your mind is to wander aimlessly any where. Sit in any local bus or train and go to any direction. Roam in the markets. Sit in any restaurant and eat or drink anything you want. Don’t return to home till you are absolutely tired. Be sure that your wallet contains some money.

3. TALK TO A CLOSE FRIEND

Discuss your problems to a close friend. Whatever is there in your heart try to bring it out. Sharing a problem to a close friend loses the intensity of negative force. Good friends are able to bring you out of depression. They understand your psychology and your problems. They may come up with some good ideas to help you face your depression in a positive way.

4. EXPRESS WHAT IS THERE IN YOUR MIND

Switch on your computer, create a personal file with a password and start writing your feelings. Express the actual feeling, don’t hide anything. With a friend you have to be cautious sometimes so that you don’t annoy him even unintentionally. But you can pour out your whole heart to the computer and it will never get angry or tired. When you are able to shed away some of your repressed feelings you will feel somewhat relieved.

5. DEPRESSION MAY BE BENEFICIAL

Never think that every wave of depression is harmful. Sometimes it is the beginning of a big idea or creation. Your mind is busy in finding or creating something new and marvellous. When that period passes the depression starts melting. Your mind starts creating something fantastic which brings new zest and hope. So have confidence that something much better will happen after the tide of depression.

There’s an old adage about how “music sooths the savage beast.” Not only is this true, it is actually an understatement. Music plays such a profound part of our lives, that we will barely scratch the surface here, but let’s give it an overview.

All of us grew up with certain songs or instrumentals that strike a chord that reverberates through our entire being. For example, when I hear “A Summer Place,” it immediately carries me back to summer months in the fifties. The experience is so profound that I can remember the feel of the sun on my face, the smell of hot dogs cooked over an open fire and the laughter of friends and family.

There is a theory that certain notes or chords resonate with a vibration that is particularly harmonious to specific people. Have you ever heard a song that gave you “goose bumps?” If so, then you give validation to this theory. When this occurs, the music has a profound affect on the subconscious. Add intense emotion to the equation and you have one powerful, indelible, blueprint on your subconscious that will follow you the rest of your life.

For example, let’s say that you receive news of the death of a loved one while a specific piece of music is playing on the radio. That particular music may have a lasting impression. Years later, for no apparent reason, you may find yourself immediately thrown into a state of depression upon hearing that same tune. The same can be true of “positive” feelings as described in the story above.

The subliminal effect of music is a proven fact. How often do you find yourself humming a fragment of a tune that you can’t identify only to discover that it’s a new “commercial” message you heard on your television. The advertising industry pays huge amounts of money to conduct research into why and how music works on the subconscious mind. This is also the reason why you see the recent trend by large companies to reconstitute classics originally performed by some of the greats of stage and screen.

Numerous treatments for depression are available. Standard depression treatment options include:

• Medications
• Psychotherapy
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Emerging and less-studied treatments for depression include:

• Brain stimulation
• Complementary and alternative treatments

In some cases, your primary care doctor can treat your depression. In other cases, you may benefit from treatment with a qualified mental health provider, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist or social worker.

Try to be an active participant in your depression treatment. Working together, you and your doctor or therapist can decide which treatment options may be best for your situation, depending on your symptoms and their severity, your personal preferences, insurance coverage, affordability, treatment side effects and other factors. In some cases, though, depression is so severe that a doctor, loved one or guardian may need to guide your care until you’re well enough to participate in decision making.

Here’s a closer look at your depression treatment options.

Medications
Dozens of medications are available to treat depression. Most people find the best relief of depression symptoms by combining medications and psychotherapy. Some medications for depression are antidepressants that have been specifically approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat depression. Doctors also can use their medical judgment to prescribe other medications that haven’t been FDA approved to treat depression but that may be effective anyway — a common and perfectly legal practice called off-label use.

There are several different types of antidepressants. Antidepressants are generally categorized by how they affect the naturally occurring biochemicals in your brain to change your mood. To determine which antidepressant may be best for you, doctors typically follow general practice guidelines. They may also ask you to take a blood test called the cytochrome P450 test, which can help identify genetic factors that influence your response to certain antidepressants (as well as some other medications).

Other factors that are considered when choosing an antidepressant are your symptoms, your family history of depression, and other conditions you may have. Don’t give up until you find an antidepressant or medication that’s suitable for you — you have a good chance of finding one that works and that doesn’t have intolerable side effects, even if it takes a few tries.

Most antidepressants are equally effective. But some pose a higher risk of serious side effects. Here’s how antidepressants and other medications are generally considered when you’re starting treatment for depression:

• Typical first choices. Many doctors start treatment with antidepressants by prescribing an antidepressant known as an SSRI — a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. This is because the side effects of the medications in the SSRI class of antidepressants are generally more tolerable than are those of other types of antidepressants, and they also generally work well. SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram (Celexa) and escitalopram (Lexapro).Other common first choices for antidepressants include serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), combined reuptake inhibitors and receptor blockers, and tetracyclic antidepressants.
• Typical second choices. The class of antidepressants called tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) has been around longer than has the SSRI class, and TCAs are still effective. But because TCAs tend to have more numerous and more severe side effects, they’re often not prescribed until you’ve tried SSRIs first without an improvement in your depression.
• Typical last choices. The class of antidepressants called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) is often prescribed as a last resort, when other medications haven’t worked. That’s because MAOIs, while generally effective, can have serious harmful side effects. They also require strict dietary restrictions because of rare but potentially fatal interactions with certain foods. Newer versions of MAOIs that you stick on your skin as a skin patch rather than swallowing may have fewer side effects.
• Other medication strategies. Your doctor may also suggest other medications to treat your depression. These may include stimulants, mood-stabilizing medications, anti-anxiety medications or antipsychotic medications. In some cases, your doctor may recommend combining two or more antidepressants or other medications for better effect, which is sometimes called augmentation.

Side effects of antidepressants
All antidepressants can cause unwanted side effects. Not everyone experiences the same number or intensity of side effects, though. You may find that your side effects are so mild that you don’t need to stop taking the antidepressant. Coping strategies also can help you manage side effects. In addition, side effects often go away or lessen within several weeks of starting an antidepressant.

If you experience unpleasant or intolerable side effects, don’t just stop taking an antidepressant without consulting your doctor first. Some antidepressants can cause withdrawal-like symptoms unless you slowly taper off your dose.

Precautions when taking antidepressants
Although studies have shown that antidepressants are generally safe, some precautions are in order when taking them. The FDA now requires that all antidepressant medications carry black box warnings. These are the strictest warnings that the FDA can issue for prescription medications.

The antidepressant warnings note that in some cases, children, adolescents and young adults ages 18 to 24 may have an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants, especially in the first few weeks after starting an antidepressant or when the dose is changed. Because of this risk, people in these age groups must be closely monitored by loved ones, caregivers and health care providers while taking antidepressants.

Some antidepressants have the potential of causing serious or even life-threatening health problems, such as liver failure or a dangerous drop in white cell count. While such cases are rare, it’s important to get blood work or other tests on schedule and stick to your treatment regimen. Make sure you understand the risks of the medications you’re taking and that you’re being properly monitored.

In addition, if you’re pregnant or breast-feeding, some antidepressants may pose an increased health risk to your unborn child or nursing child. Talk to your doctor about any concerns you have. Again, make sure you understand the risks of the various antidepressants. Working together, you and your doctor can explore options to get your depression symptoms under control.

Waiting for antidepressants to work
It can take as long as eight to 12 weeks to gain the full benefits of an antidepressant, although you may notice some improvements in your mood before that. Certain genetic factors may influence whether or not an antidepressant works for you and how long it takes for symptoms to improve. (DHF review) If you haven’t had improvements in your mood and thoughts, your doctor may suggest either increasing your dose, combining medications or switching to a new medication.

Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is another key depression treatment. It’s often used along with medication treatment. Psychotherapy is a general term for a way of treating depression by talking about your condition and related issues with a mental health provider. Psychotherapy is also known as therapy, talk therapy, counseling or psychosocial therapy.

Through these talk sessions, you learn about the causes of depression so that you can better understand it. You also learn how to identify and make changes in unhealthy behavior or thoughts, explore relationships and experiences, find better ways to cope and solve problems, and set realistic goals for your life. Psychotherapy can help you regain a sense of happiness and control in your life and help alleviate depression symptoms, such as hopelessness and anger. It also may help you adjust to a crisis or other current difficulty.

There are several types of psychotherapy that are effective for depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the most commonly used talk therapies for depression. This type of therapy helps you identify pessimistic, negative beliefs and behaviors and replace them with healthy, positive ones. It’s based on the idea that your own thoughts — not other people or situations — determine how you behave. Even if an unwanted situation doesn’t change, you can change the way you think and behave in a positive way. Interpersonal therapy and psychodynamic psychotherapy are other types of therapy commonly used to treat depression.

Electroconvulsive therapy
In electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), electrical currents are passed through the brain to trigger a seizure. Although many people are leery of ECT and its side effects, it typically offers fast, effective relief of depression symptoms. Experts aren’t sure how this therapy relieves the signs and symptoms of depression. The procedure may affect levels of neurotransmitters in your brain. The most common side effect is confusion, which can last from a few minutes to several hours. Some people also experience partial memory loss, but memory often returns.

ECT is usually used for people who don’t get better with medications and for those at high risk of suicide. It may be the only treatment available for older adults with severe depression who can’t take medications because of heart disease.

Hospitalization and residential treatment programs
It’s not often that depression becomes so severe that you require psychiatric hospitalization. And even when depression is severe, it still may not be easy to decide if hospitalization is appropriate. If you can be treated just as effectively or better outside of the hospital, your doctor probably won’t recommend hospitalization.

Psychiatric hospitalization is generally recommended only when you aren’t able to care for yourself properly or when you’re in immediate danger of harming yourself or someone else. Psychiatric hospitalization options include 24-hour inpatient care, partial or day hospitalization, or residential treatment, which offers a supportive place to live.

Nontraditional depression treatment options
If standard depression treatment hasn’t been effective, you may want to try nontraditional depression treatments. These options, sometimes called neurotherapeutic treatments, involve direct stimulation of your brain. They include:

• Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). VNS uses electrical impulses with a surgically implanted pulse generator to affect mood centers of the brain. The FDA approved this treatment in July 2005 for certain cases of severe or chronic, treatment-resistant depression.
• Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS is an experimental procedure that uses magnetic fields to alter brain activity. A large electromagnetic coil is held against your scalp near your forehead to produce an electrical current in your brain.
• Deep brain stimulation. This is a highly experimental treatment for depression in which the brain is stimulated with surgically implanted electrodes.